IMHO, there are MAJOR differences...
Not to the "basic" idea--any cruise line you are getting a cabin, dining room, buffet, shows, casino, spa, itinerary, shore excursions, bars, pool deck, etc.
The BIG differences is in HOW they do it...
The major difference that affects all others is the space/crowd...
On Carnival, they cram a whole lot more people onto a ship...
Our last Carnival cruise, we were on a 110,000 gross ton ship with 4,000 passengers...
On our last Celebrity cruise, a 91,000 gross ton ship with 1,950 passengers...
Think about it in terms of space per passenger...and crew per passenger...
Carnival can be a zoo, service suffers, venues are overcrowded...You have to get to the showroom an hour early to get a seat...
On Celebrity, the pace is much more relaxed, the service MUCH better, the cruise much more elegant...
Some people wouldn't notice, I guess...To me it is a MAJOR difference...